Macbeth †Blind Ambition Essay

Q. The drama Macbeth explores the dangers associated with unsighted aspiration. Discuss. William Shakespeare’s drama Macbeth is chiefly concerned with researching the dangers associated with unsighted aspiration. Shakespeare presents the audience with a character faced with clear moral picks and who is led down a way towards devastation because of his tragic character defect. his overarching aspiration. We can see this in how easy Macbeth is ab initio convinced to get down down this route by the witches’ prognostication. Finally we see how Macbeth is driven to of all time greater extremes of inhuman treatment in order to keep the place that his aspiration has allowed him to achieve. The dangers associated with unsighted aspiration are portrayed in the mode in which the offenses they commit take a awful toll on the heads of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Macbeth is ab initio presented in the drama as a brave and baronial character but it takes merely a intimation in the way of kingship from the enchantresss to enflame his aspiration. Early in the drama Macbeth is praised by the male monarch for his bravery and trueness. He is a figure of esteem and is rewarded for his attempts with the Thane of Cawdor. Shakespeare gives Macbeth his first gustatory sensation of power and aspiration with the prognostication of the enchantresss and this kindles a sense of wonder in him about what the hereafter may keep. He makes a spring between being a inactive figure in the face of fate to entertaining the thought that he may himself direct the workings of destiny. As Macbeth says. â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland: that is a measure On which I must fall down. or else o’erleap. † It seems to take merely the merest jog in the way of his â€Å"dark desires† to do a deep alteration in his character and to entice him into entertaining some atrocious offenses in order to accomplish those aspirations. We are left with the inquiry. would Macbeth hold of all time strayed from his baronial character if he had non been given the initial push in that way by the enchantresss? The reply seems to be that the enchantresss have simply allowed something that was dark and evil within Macbeth’s character to be pulled out into the visible radiation. If we begin to covet what others have so our aspirations can run amuck and destruct us. Having achieved his end to go the King of Scotland Macbeth is forced togo of all time more barbarous and cruel in order to support his illicit place. Initially we see that Macbeth has a profound battle with his scruples over the chance and so finds many good grounds for non killing him. It is merely the prod of Lady Macbeth over his manhood that keeps him on his bloody way. The slaying causes Macbeth a great trade of mental anguish and we see a character distraught by the injury of traveling against his indispensable character in the minutes straight after the act. â€Å"†¦ Sleep no more: Macbeth does slay sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬ As the drama progresses he overcomes his remorses and supresses his scruples wholly. The deduction is that in order to keep his place he must go more and more bloodthirsty and that his character must go more and more distorted. Shakespeare is doing the observation that aspiration is like a famished fire that consumes all in its way in order to keep itself. Like autocrats throughout history we can see that. â€Å"Who is all powerful should fear everything. † The fright. intuition and paranoia created by supreme power illicitly gained leads to an inevitable bloodletting as the natural order is destroyed and pandemonium is unleashed. Macbeth’s aspiration is such a force for upset in the drama and causes non merely his ruin but that of many other characters and the whole province of Scotland. The greatest component of calamity in the drama is the spectacle of Macbeth easy losing his head as a consequence of his guilt over the offenses that he has committed in order to carry through his aspiration. The beginning of the drama portrays Macbeth as a baronial warrior of sound head and sound organic structure. This nevertheless changes as the drama progresses to the point where Macbeth becomes insane. This is due to the guilt of his actions. What emphasises the guilt that Macbeth feels even more is the nucleus values that he has. He battles with his head trying to convert himself that it was justifiable yet his nucleus ethical motives and values tell him otherwise. â€Å"It will hold blood ; they say. blood will hold blood† Here Macbeth reflects on his workss after Banquos shade disappears. This is the start of his conflict for his saneness. Because of his righteous nucleus values. he believes that the evil title that he has committed will finally ensue in his decease. As the drama progresses. his mental stableness degrades with each evil title he commits to the point where he has no desire to populate any longer as he realises that all there is to populate for. he has wasted off. â€Å"I have liv’d long plenty: my manner of life Is fall’n into the sear. the xanthous foliage ; And that which should attach to old age. † He remarks that old age has come upon him hurriedly as his manner of life has caused this.

Event Management Plan

Event Management Plan for Spring Bash 2013 Event Description Day/Date/Time of Event – Duration. This event will be held during the week of Monday March 25th thru Thursday March 28th. The game times will be 10 am, 1pm, 4pm, and 7:30 pm. Location / Facility / Venue of the Event. The baseball site is the beautiful, professionally maintained Santaluces Sports Complex. The Santaluces Sports Complex was built by the Montreal Expos for their spring training and is located in Lantana, FL. Description of the Event.With a comfortable average annual temperature of 78 ° F (25  °C), Palm Beach County is able to host any type of sporting event any time of the year. South Florida’s tropical climate is unique to any other region in the country and is one of the primary reason so many teams want to come and get out of the cold. The tournament will consist of 12 teams all competing for the tournament title at the end of the four days. Purpose of the Event / Overview. This will be an invitation only event to bring in some of the top high schools in Florida and showcase their skills for area scouts both professional and college.W5H. Who. Any High School baseball program from any state will be apart of the invitation only event. What. This is a Spring Break invitational tournament that is put on to expose some of the best armature athletes to professional and college scouts. When. March 25th thru March 28th Where. Santaluces Sports Complex Lantana, FL How. Through registration fees, concessions, and gate revenue. Aims / Objectives (S. M. A. R. T. ). Our goals and objectives are to become the premier spring break tournament in Florida. Event Management Management Responsibility. In-house / outsourced) – The management responsibility will be taken care of in-house to cut down on cost and overhead. Major stakeholders / agencies. The major stakeholders will be the high school programs that attend this event. Also, the agencies that will be involved with this ev ent are the Palm Beach County Sports Commission and the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Physical requirements. The physical requirements for this event will be long hours in the hot South Florida sun as well as the ability to lift up to 50 lbs. Venue.The Santaluces Sports Complex provides four well maintained and groomed fields and also have lighting on all four fields to host night games is needed. Target audience. This tournament's target audience is anyone of the many top high school baseball programs we have in the US. Approximate Number of Participants and Spectators. There will be twelve teams which will account for approximately 240 participants and over the course of the four days approximately 1500 spectators will be in attendance. Event History. This will be the first annual tournament held at this location.Based on research done on other spring break tournaments it is very popular with the high schools both locally and in the north where there is still snow on the ground. There are not many premier spring break tournaments out there so we feel this will help fill the void. Technology. All game information and results will be notated and recorded on iPads using the application called Game Changer scorekeeping. Also, for communication with event staff they will have cellphones as well as radios. Sponsoring Organization. For this event due to the size there will not be any sponsoring organization. Feasibility Is the event a good idea?This event is a great idea due to the amount of teams looking to play in a tournament during spring break and also for the exposure the teams will have to area scouts. Do we have the skills required to plan and run the event? The event staff is well trained and knowledgeable on what is needed to make this type of event successful. Is the host community supportive? The host community is supportive due to the sales at local hotels and restaurants. Do we have the infrastructure in the community? The locatio n of the event provides quick access to the interstate, hospital, and airport. Can we get a venue at a price we can afford?The event cost will be $2000 for the permits running the four days of the tournament. Will the event attract an audience? The main audience will be that parents and family members of the participants as well as professional and college scouts. Will it attract media support? Due to the size of the event media support will not be attracted. Is it financially viable? The operating expenses of the tournament will be covered in the registration fees, which makes it financially viable. Are the success criteria reasonable? The success criteria is reasonable but will be unknown until after the event takes places and feedback is generated.What are the risks? The risks associated with this event are weather, injury, and the expenses exceed the revenues. SWOT Analysis Strengths. The location and quality of the fields are the biggest strengths of this tournament. Weaknesses . When having a tournament in the spring there is always a chance of rain, also this is a first year event and does not have a proven track record. Opportunities. With a successful event we may be able to expand the number of teams in the futures and solidify our place as one of the premier spring break tournaments. Threats.The threats associated with this tournament are that there are many other tournaments going on at the same or similar times. It may be hard to get the commitment of elite high school programs due to them being committed to other events at the time. Approvals ; Consultation State ; federal government. The approval and compliance for this event will be through the FHSAA and all other factors will be held at the county level. County, city, or town. There will have to be approval from the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department so that we can have the permits and access to the fields. Roads ; traffic authority.This will be taken care of in-house by using st aff members to direct traffic. Liquor licensing. There will be no need for liquor licensing due to no alcoholic beverages will be sold at this event. Police. Police will not be needed unless a crime is committed. Insurance. Prior to the event there will be a waiver signed excluding responsibility in the case of the event. In case of injury, this is a school-approved activity and responsibility falls on them. Marketing / Advertising / PR / Ticketing Customer segmentation. Our customer segmentation is based on the top high school programs across the state as well as nationally. Pricing.Registration for the event is $500 Ticket program. Game day passes for spectators will be $10 per day or $35 for the duration of the event. Kids ages infant-17 years old will gain admittance free of charge. Advertising. Advertising for the event will be done through social media utilizing Facebook and Twitter. Message. The message of this event is to provide a overall great experience and to provide the participants the ability to be seen in front of professional and college scouts. Media outlets used. The media outlets that will be used for this event include Flyers / Posters / Brochures, Word of Mouth, Internet and Social Media.Advertising Budget. Due to our online advertising there is no advertising budget put in place. Promotions. Due to the size and nature of the event there will no promotions taking place. Giveaways. All participants will be given t-shirts and all coaches will receive polo shirts. Community / Public Relations. Press releases. No press releases will be delivered, but emails will be sent out to professional scouts and college scouts about our tournament and the teams that will be in attendance. Media briefing(s). Media guides will be made up consisting of the teams involved and their rosters as well as schedules and a sponsor’s page.Evaluation of Marketing Plan. The evaluation of the marketing plan will be done at the conclusion of the event to see in w hat areas we can better ourselves. Financial Control Is the purpose to make a profit? The main purpose of this event is to create a great atmosphere of high-level competition and have a successful event. Also, to make a profit is another purpose of the event. Without a profit we will not be able to continue putting on future events. How much will the event cost? The overall cost of the event will be $4800, which will be covered in the registration fees. What are the revenue sources?The revenue sources for this event are the registration fees, concessions, gate sales and sponsorship. How many tickets need to be sold to break even? The registration fees alone will allow us to cover our operating expenses. All other sources of revenue will be for payroll and the rest is profit. What is the cash flow situation? The cash flow situation will come from the day-to-day operating expenses such as restocking concessions, gate sales, baseballs, etc.. What are the control systems? There will be a staff member in charge of collecting monies throughout the day and placing them in a safe box with a key lock.Only that staff member and director will have access to the money. How will legal and taxation obligations be met? These will be met in the concessions were all sales rung out in the cash register will be taxed. Capital / funding requirements. In the case of expenses running over the profits the initial investment of cash on hand of $10,000 will cover those costs. Fees. The fees of $20/hr for the ball field permits required by Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department will be paid out of the initial investment to secure the location and dates desired. Costs.The overall cost of the event will be $4800, which will be covered in the registration fees. Merchandise / licensing. At this time due to this being the first year of the event we will not be having and merchandise for sale. Control systems. There will be a staff member in charge of collecting monies throughout the day and placing them in a safe box with a key lock. Only that staff member and director will have access to the money. Taxation. These will be met in the concessions were all sales rung out in the cash register will be taxed. Profit ; loss statement. This will be completed at the end of the event.Cash-flow analysis. This will be completed at the end of the event. Budget Budget Detail. (See table 3 pg. 18) Event Contracts. This event does not have any contracts due to the nature and size. Sponsorship Sponsor signage / Sponsor booths. This event does not have any sponsor booths but will have signage of local sponsors in the outfield and in the media guide. Package sales. Packages will range from $100-$400 in which sponsors can choose. (See Table ) Activation. The sponsorship activation is done by the sponsor including coupons for participants and spectators that attend their business. Evaluation.The evaluation will be done at the end of the event by contacting the sponsors and col lecting data on who brought in the coupons. Risk Management Identification. (of risks ; hazards) Some risks that may arise are balls leaving the playing field, wet playing surfaces and heat stroke. Assessment. (of risks ; hazards) Balls leaving the field can cause injury to spectators, wet playing surfaces can cause injury to players as well as coaches and heat stroke can happen to players and coaches due to the hot weather. Management. (of risks ; hazards) All situations will be forwarded to the tournament director.Incident reporting. All situations will be forwarded to the tournament director and local authorities if need be. Contingency plan. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Letter to Dignitary Form. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Grammar. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Event Staging Decor. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Layout. See table Entertainment. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event.Special effects / Lighting / Sound. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Electricity. Electricity is provided by the complex and is apart of the permit to use the facility. Water. Water cooler will be placed in every dugout to ensure hydration is maintained. Transportation. The location of this event allows for quick access to the interstate and airports as well as medical transportation. Traffic management. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Street closures. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Impact on local traffic.The event will have no impact on local traffic flow. Notification of affected businesses. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Diversions / Detours. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Security. In the event of an altercation the local authorities will be contacted. Support vehicles. Due to the size of the complex support vehicles will not be needed. Medical / ambulance / EMTs. In the case of emergency medical assistance will be contacted, but no onsite medical will be present. Parking. The parking is provided by the complex and is free of charge Disability access / ADA compliance.The facility meets all disability and ADA requirements Children. The facility has a playground area that is accessible for children. Food / Catering. Food for concessions will be purchased at local wholesalers such as Costco. Providers. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Facilities. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Waste and environmental management. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Toilets. The complex provides this and no rentals of toilets is needed. Waste management, recycling.This is provided by the Palm Beach County Wast e Management. Sanitation. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Noise. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Water pollution. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Environmental Impact Study (EIS). This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Cleaning. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Staffing Rosters. The staff will include the tournament director, four game day staff, two concession staff and 4 volunteers from local colleges.Training. All staff members will be CPR certified and trained on operational activities before the event. Briefing. Everyday before the first games a meeting will be held to go over that activities for that day and the chain of command. Recruitment of volunteers. Volunteers will be sought out from local colleges for students looking to gain some experience. Leadership Plan Communication. All communi cation will through the tournament director. During the morning meetings the communication process will be laid out and all questions will be answered. Staffing ; Skills.Pre-event training will take place to ensure all staff are on the same page for what needs to be accomplished and only qualified individuals will be on the staff. Coordination / Evaluation. During the morning meetings the coordination and evaluation processes will be laid out and all staff will be well informed on what needs will be required. Rewards. At the end of the tournament all game day staff members will be taken out to dinner to celebrate the success of the event. Operational Plans Procedures ; checklists. (See table 2 pg. 17) Performance standards.The performance standards will be consistent with departmental goals, communicates clearly to all levels falls within budget guidelines, can reasonably be accomplished in specified time frame and follows up and resolves problems in timely manner to keep project on track. Contingency plans. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Weather. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed.Electrical supply, lighting. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Fire / Accident. In case of fire/ accident fire extinguishers and first aid kits will be available and local authorities will be contacted. Crowd control / management. Local authorities if needed will provide this. Delay or cancellation. In the case of a delay or cancellation all teams will be contacted within enough time so that proper arrangements can be made. If a cancellation of the event does take place teams will be refunded their fees paid. Bomb threat or other security incident. Local authorities will provide this. Logistics.Loc al authorities will provide this. Setup / teardown. The setup and teardown of tents will be done by staff members before leaving the facility for the night to prevent theft. Signage. All signage will be hung on the fences of the fields in plain view of all spectators. Structures ; facilities. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Lighting / Sound. Lighting is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Safety ; Security (Safety of the event audience) Safety ; security of event performers, VIPs, etc. This will be provided by local authorities if needed.Health ; safety of staff. This will be provided by local authorities if needed. Security for premises, equipment, cash, etc. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department, and all cash will be held onto by the tournament director at the end of the night. Communications. Meetings will be held every morning and all communication will be through either cellular phones or radios. All issues get reported to the tournament director. Emergency access and emergency management. The facility has gates that open for easy access for emergency personnel to get as close to the situation as possible.First aid. In the concessions there will be first aid kits to be administered if need be. Timelines Form. (See table 1 pg. 16) Evaluation, Monitoring ; Control Feedback. During the course of the tournament staff members will ask questions to the spectators to see how their experience is so far. If any issues arise it will be handled promptly. Post-event evaluation. A mailing list will be generated in which all teams will be contacted and a survey will be enclosed to determine how the event went and what we can do to improve. Objectives. At the end of the event we will go through our utlined objectives and determine is they were met. Measures. The measures that will be used to determine the success will include survey’s, questionnaires, and direct-mailers to all participants. Analysis. After all measures are taken into account, an analysis will be done to determine the areas needed for improvement for future events. Report. Once objectives are met, the measurements are put into place, an analysis is done and all will be placed into a report for future sponsorship opportunities. Appendix Table 1 Event Timeline | 8 Months Out from Event| 3 Months Out from Event| Prepare posters, brochures, banners, etc. | | Reserve and confirm facility fees and permits| | Confirm participating teams| | | | | 7 Months Out from Event| 2 Months Out from Event| | Begin recruiting volunteers for day of event| | | 6 Months Out from Event| 1 Months Out from Event| Set event budget| Order t-shirts and prizes or have them donated| Set and confirm date, time and place| Continue recruiting volunteers for day of event| Determine goal of event and event name| Reconfirm ALL commitments| Decide on event logo| | Send out letters to potential teams| | | | 5 Months Out from Event| Week of the Event| Prepare site signage: information, check-in, first aid, start/finish, volunteer check-in| | Complete participant registration list| | Complete participant registration list| | Pick up t-shirts and prizes| 4 Months Out from Event| 1 Month after the Event| Develop sponsorship levels| Mail thank you letters to sponsors, volunteers, and community partners| Approach corporate and media sponsors| Communicate final event participation count and amount of money raised to all sponsors| Confirm sponsors| Organize event binder for next year including suggestions and feedback|Table 2 Task| Person Responsible| Contact details| Check that the date does not clash with another event|   |   | Arrange venue|   |   | Prepare and distribute tournament notice/flyer|   |   | Prepare tournament budget|   |   | Appoint Rules Advisor (if not TD)|   |   | Organize person(s) to do the check in|   Ã‚  |   Ã‚  | Purchase trophies (if applica ble)|   Ã‚  |   Ã‚  | Collect perpetual trophies (if applicable)|   |   Ã‚  | Organize wall charts|   |   Ã‚  | Organize name tags|   |   Ã‚  | Check stocks of score sheets, sets etc. |   |   Ã‚  |Receive entries ; set up draws|   |   | On day, supervise distribution of sets, table numbers, score sheets ; tile check sheets|   |   | Distribute tournament records|   |   | Manage refreshment area|   |   | Collect entry fee ; distribute name tags|   |   | Erect wall charts, latest ratings and rules|   |   | Instruct novices on tournament protocol|   |   | Direct runners to collect name tags during last game|   |   | Prepare tournament expense/income report|   |   | Present trophies ; awards|   |   | Table 3 REVENUE PROJECTED |Additional fundraising activities$785. 00 | Cash sponsors $6,500. 00| Donations $300. 00 | Paid advertising in event program $250. 00 | Registration fees (12 teams x $500) $6,000| TOTAL REVENUE: $13,835| E XPENSES| Decor – $125. 00 | Event program$300. 00 | Food and beverage $1,840. 00| Marketing and promotion $395. 00 | Save-the-date card – e-design $225. 00 | Signage – design $150. 00 | Signage – printing $1,258. 31| Silent auction $250. 00 | Thank you items$200. 00 | Venue -$5,000| TOTAL EXPENSES: $9,743. 31| TOTAL NET: $4,091. 69|

Technology Is the Solution to Overpopulation

Technology is the Solution to Overpopulation About ten years ago while in a science museum, I saw a counter that estimated what the world population was at that given moment. Innocuous at first glance, since a number in excess of five billion is difficult to comprehend, what became alarming after watching the counter for a minute was the continual increase in the population. Thinking about the circumstances related to the population rise logically made the problem seem apparent. The earth is finite both in terms of physical size and in resources but the population is growing towards an infinite value.At some point the steadily rising population will move from being a problem that is geographically distant to one that is immediate and more salient than just an increasing value on a faceless counter. This problem of population growth leads to a number of solutions that could have significant implications on the quality of life. Taking no action and allowing population to grow unchecked could possibly risk the entire human species if food or clean water were to become unavailable worldwide.Aiming for zero population growth would in theory maintain the existing quality of life since a stable population would not increase their use of resources. However not all resources are renewable, so scarcities could still occur with a fixed population size. In an extreme case permanent resource depletion under zero population growth could have the same extinction effect that unchecked growth can lead to. Despite the escalating risk of unchecked population growth, technological advances necessitated by the increase in population will at least maintain the quality of life and could possibly improve conditions.Southwick in â€Å"Global Ecology in Human Perspective† says that human population has increased geometrically over the past two millennia. With a high number of people in their reproductive age the potential for continued growth is likely. Southwick says that scient ists think the world population has increased far beyond an optimal size of one to two billion. The optimal population comes from a standard of middle class quality of life. A more critical analysis of population growth relates it to a cancer in an organism.Despite the level of pessimism on population growth, future research needs to be conducted with a more objective viewpoint to counteract cultural and emotional origins (Southwick, 1996). With the likelihood that population will continue to increase when considering Southwick’s observation that many people able to reproduce, the population will continue to move further from its â€Å"optimal† size. This deviation implies that the quality of life must be decreasing for many. In reality this decline has not happened. As discussed in class, increased agricultural yields have allowed for a larger population to be adequately supported.Even with the increased amount of food, Southwick says that 20 percent of the world popu lation is malnourished (1996). More food may be available but it still is not being distributed to all of those who need it. The lack of rapid worldwide transport of all goods including food may appear to be a hindrance to well-being but this disconnection between locations may provide an important health safeguard. Diseases are another negative factor to human population growth and some highly contagious fatal diseases can risk human extinction.A virus can only spread if it can find someone else to infect before it kills the carrier. A fatal disease that leads to death after a long period of time increases the chance that the carrier can infect other people, in turn bringing population closer to extinction. In terms of transportation, if people and goods in the world are too well connected, then a fatal disease that has the potential to lead to extinction would be able to infect many people over large area since the disease can spread quickly over trade routes.The World Health Orga nization has found that the current spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or SARS is facilitated by international travel and can quickly infect many people around the world. Originating in Southeast Asia, speedy transportation has turned SARS from a regional problem into an international issue (World Health Organization, 2003). To avoid the risk of mass deaths due to rapidly spreading diseases, international policymakers need to avoid the creation of a level of world interconnectedness that is too quick. A slightly disconnected world may mean oods may not reach all places where in demand, but the risk of fatal diseases affecting large regions of population would be less. The ideal model of resource distribution is to have necessities be located near areas of population. Localized resources would reduce the need for goods to travel long distances over a lengthened period of time to avoid the spread of disease. Increased levels of population could live well off of added amounts of food that are nearby. This best case of locating populations near resources would be difficult to obtain in practice as resources and populations are already in fixed locations.If people were unwilling to move near where food is available it would be difficult, except in times of war and famine, to force them to relocate. A compromise solution would accept the fact that not all people of the world will be able to have a high standard of living but the potential for improved quality exists. This potential cannot be reached immediately since resources and population remain geographically separate and faster transportation would increase the spread of fatal diseases.Improvements in resource production such as increased crop yields makes it possible to support higher populations and improve the quality of life at least at a local level. References Southwick, C. H. Global Ecology in Human Perspective, Chapter 15. Oxford Univ. Press. (1996). World Health Organization â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),† Communicable Disease Surveillance & Response (CSR), March 24. (2003). World Health Organization . Retrieved March 29, 2004.

Greek influences on the modern world Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek influences on the modern world - Term Paper Example The innovations by Greek scholars and critiques against mythical beliefs led to an improved understanding of the world and the occurrences within it. The Greeks were the first emancipators of thought. Philosophers such as Thales were revolutionaries of thought. They came up with explanations to counter mythical beliefs and developed practical solutions to solve problems in the society. Pythagoreans helped develop mathematics (Pythagoras, 54). Early cosmologists who studied the universe were also Greek. Another Greek, Hippocrates, made great advances in the field of medicine. Philosophy and Astronomy The whole field of philosophy as practiced today can be attributed to the Greeks. They practically invented everything to do with this field of study. Philosophy refers to the love of wisdom and knowledge. Modern way of thinking that is based on rationality rather than beliefs was established by the Greeks. Thales of Miletus is considered the father of philosophy (Aristotle, 52). The mode rn day explanations of phenomenon such as lightning and earthquakes are attributed to these early thinkers. This is because they were the ones that questioned the mythical view that the gods were in control of nature. The Ionian Philosophy established by the Greek was the first to study the causes of nature without inclusion of gods in its studies. The advancements made in the field of astronomy can also be attributed to the works of the Greeks. They developed the first theories that tried to explain how the universe was formed. These scholars who were at the time referred to as cosmologists also gave explanations as to the causes of other aspects of nature such as winds, lightning and rain (Aristotle, 52). Mathematics and Science Mathematics is highly essential at this modern time. Most day to day operations in the modern world involve some aspect of mathematics from basic operations to highly complex ones. The Pythagoreans devoted themselves to the development and advancement of m athematics. They also believed that there was some form of mathematical order in nature. This was to be empirically demonstrated by Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein more than two thousand years later (Pythagoras, 54). Pythagoras and other Ionian philosophers developed the earliest form of geometry. The Pythagoras theorem taught in school up to this day was developed long ago by the Greeks. Another example is the Archimedes principle in Physics. Though developed a long time ago, it is still in use today. Science today involves a lot of observation and research work. Premises and accompanying conclusions are made based on solid evidence. This practice was developed by the Ionian Philosophers of Greece and is the basis upon which modern research is conducted. Medicine The field of medicine has seen much advancement over the years. Cures have been developed for diseases that were thought to be incurable. Modern man has been able to cope with disease outbreaks and develop cures thanks to the work of Greeks such as Hippocrates. Considered the father of medicine, Hippocrates, led other medical doctors in Greece to condemn magical practices and beliefs of the time. They said that the mythical beliefs hindered understanding of diseases. An example is the rejection of the belief that epilepsy was a sacred disease hence not curable. Such denunciations are what led to research into what causes these diseases how to develop of the cures. Scholars such as

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Marketing plan - Essay Example It should consider launching CIF in China keeping in mind the local tastes, culture and consumer habits. The short- and long-term marketing strategy have been suggested while also defining the control measures. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Marketing Audit 1 2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS – internal environment of Unilever 2 2.2 PESTEL Analysis 3 3. Marketing Objectives 6 4. Market Mix Analysis 4.1 Segmentation 6 4.2 Targeting 7 4.3 Positioning 7 5. Market entry 8 6. Implementation strategy 9 7. Gantt Chart 12 8. Contingencies and Controls 14 References 15 Appendices 18 1. Introduction Unilever, one of the world’s leading FMCG companies, headquartered in London, offers products across several categories including foods, home, and personal products (Datamonitor, 2010). Unilever’s strategic priorities are the developing and emerging economies. The company has a diversified product portfolio as well as a wide geographical reach which explains diverse revenue streams. It has a strong portfolio of over 400 brands. Approximately 49% of its revenues in FY2009 came from emerging economies. This gives the company the confidence to tap new opportunities in the existing emerging economies. While Unilever has a strong presence in China as is evident from their sales figures between 2004 and 2007 (Appendix A), they would like to introduce a new product in China – CIF dishwashing liquid. ... The Chinese FMCG market enjoys a balanced development both in the food and the non-food categories (Ryan, 2004). Despite the growth in the FMCG sector in China fueled by strong economic performance and higher disposable income, the sector is fragmented and still developing. An in-depth study of the competitive environment and consumer demand in the respective FMCG sector has to be conducted to understand the dynamics of that sector. These would include and understanding of the price dynamics, trade distribution, and consumption patterns (Moodle, 2005)). Thus, based on marketing audit, the short- and long-term marketing plan would be drawn up. 2. Marketing Audit The Chinese consumers demonstrate brand loyalty when it comes to foreign goods. However, marketing in developing economies differs from marketing the same product in developed in developed countries. International marketing requires the right business strategy and revolves around being competitive. The strategy can be devised after an assessment of the internal and the external business environment. The international marketing strategy has to depend upon the product characteristics, the time of entry, the consumer characteristics and the brand reputation (Ferner & Varul, 2000). Other factors that influence the marketing strategy include the differences in the culture, political stability, demographics, customer needs and government regulations. The business environment is constantly changing and marketing audit reviews the current situation based on which the marketing strategy can be devised. 2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS – internal environment of Unilever Strengths Unilever is a leading company dealing in FMCG with 270 manufacturing facilities across six

Special Needs populations and their impacts on Parole and Probation Essay

Special Needs populations and their impacts on Parole and Probation Officers - Essay Example Studies show mixed results about the effectiveness of these programs; however, no one can deny the importance of these programs in the judicial system when the criminal activities have reached new levels. Juvenile rehabilitation programs are of major importance in special needs populations apart from other programs. The ever growing special needs population and the nature of their needs have affected the role of Parole and Probation officers. A shifting focus to the needs of special needs populations is not unique to Parole and Probation officers; special needs populations by their very nature have unique needs, and many government institutions are attempting to shift to cater to these needs more appropriately. The primary role of a Parole and Probation officer is obviously to monitor the rehabilitation of criminal offenders outside of a prison environment with an eye towards re-integration and reducing rates of repeat offenders. The increased complexity of the nature of crimes has caused the judicial system to initiate a diverse number of offender programs to address them. It has also extended the scope of the role and duties of parole and probation officers who are being assigned in charge to supervise the programs. To understand the ways special needs populations have changed the roles of Pa role and Probation officers, one must first understand key differences between those two roles. Probation officers are in place to supervise rehabilitation without the offender having been in prison at all for a crime – they are assigned probation as a replacement to prison, with the understanding that if they violate the terms of probation they will be sent to prison. Parole officers, on the other hand, deal with people who have been released from prison on parole after completing part of their sentence – the fact that they have been in prison makes addressing special needs populations, who often have a harder time dealing with correctional institutions,

Business Communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Communication - Coursework Example The message represents the actual information to be passed to the recipient. It is usually dependent on the source idea and is designed to meet the desires of the audience. Encoding is a process that involves the conversion of the message into an appropriate transmission form. The form of communication is dependent on the transmission medium. The channel is the means through which communication transpires (Verderber, 2010). It is the path through which a message is sent to the recipient from the sender without making alterations on it. The channel may vary from a paper to a radio or an email. The receiver is the party for which the message is intended. The recipient employs the channel to receive communication from a transmitter. Decoding refers to the process of interpreting the message passed. The recipient analyzes the message to facilitate internalization. Feedback refers to the relay of a response to the sender of a message by a recipient (Verderber, 2010). Communication is an unending process. Interruption of the process may cause emptiness in the system. Interpersonal communication has to be continued. In the circular interaction, an invariable response is made which provokes a reaction. The message relayed through communication channels is usually irreversible. It cannot be changed once transmitted. Effective communication may be deterred by various barriers to communication. First, lack of eye contact hinders effective communication. John stuck glued to the computer while conversing with Yum. This hindered the efficiency of communication. John employed an unfamiliar term to Yum while passing his message. This contributed immensely to ineffective communication since Yum could not interpret the message. John showed disinterest in what Yumi was trying to put across.

Q and answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Q and answers - Essay Example These distinctive enzymes function in different ways. Answer: Insulin does not play a role in the uptake of glucose in the liver but it has other effects. It increases the synthesis of fatty acids, glycogen and protein synthesis. On the other hand it decreases gycogenolysis and the formation of ketone bodies by the liver. Answer: The digestion of lipids starts in the mouth where it is acted upon by lingual lipase. In the stomach the action of gastric lipase begins. These two lipases are not great contributors in the digestion of lipids and they act mainly on short to medium chain fatty acids which include the milk fats. Small intestine is the main site where lipid digestion takes place. This occurs with the help of pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2 and cholesterol esterase. The bile salts also play a role in digestion by emulsification which is the breakdown of large fat droplets in to small ones so that the enzymes have a larger surface area to carry out their function. Answer: Transport of glucose in the small intestine is associated with sodium ions. The sodium ions and glucose share the same transporter and the transport of glucose occurs by cotransport with sodium and is referred to as secondary active transport. The concentration of the sodium in the intestinal cells is low. This causes the movement of sodium in the cells and hence the movement of glucose as it is transported with the sodium ions. The glucose is then moved across the interstitium into the capillaries whereas the sodium ions move into intercellular spaces. The provision of energy for this process is indirect by the active transport of sodium out of the cell. This is the reason why this transport of glucose is referred to as secondary active

Bubbles on the South Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bubbles on the South Sea - Essay Example According to a website "The bubble is usually followed by a sudden drop in prices known as crash". This is a significant drop in the total value of a market, almost undoubtedly to the popping of a bubble, creating a situation wherein the majority of investors are trying to flee the market at the same time and consequently incurring massive losses. And terribly affects everyone. The inevitable crash came and the strain proved to much to many joint stock companies. The immediate cause was the activities of the South Sea Company. It had been formed to engage in trading in the South Seas, but it also has engaged in the funding of the national debt in return for monopolistic privileges. The bad repute of this joint stock companies had led to the passage of the Bubble Act for the regulation of companies in the main attempt to prevent panic. Bubble Act declared that only companies formed by charter or by a private act of parliament were legal. The South Sea Company was reasonably successful. It was chartered by the government for trade in South America and South Sea. The relationship between the government and the company created confidence and high expectations. In the history, they were given the monopoly of trading in the Pacific Ocean and along the coast of South America, made an offer to the government to pay off the whole National Debt and to buy up the irredeemable annuities, according to Melville amounting of "800,000 a year, provided the different public securities were consolidated into one fund in their hands and the government gave the company certain exclusive commercial privileges". In spite of the limited privileges conceded to it in the Asiento by Spain, been highly successful in the slave trade. This means according to (Colliers Encyclopedia) "that they have the right for 30 years to supply Spanish-America colonies with 4,800 slaves annually and to send to Porto Bello and Vera Cruz a trading ship of 500 t ons a year". A negotiation being settled with the South Sea Company. This right was handed over the company which underwrote the English national debt, on a promise of 5% from the government. The most question was whether the fund-holders would convert their stock for shares in the company, for they could not compelled to do so. According to (Caleb W.)" The brilliant prospects held out by the directors of the gold and silver lands awaiting exploitation in South America, crowded into the rush for shares." Its shares immediately rose to 10x their value from 110 rose to 1000, speculation ran wild and all sorts of joint stock companies, fraudulent or merely optimistic were formed. Its price soared within a few weeks, people realized that it was greatly overpriced and prices fell. Thousands were financially ruined. The South Sea Prosecution of some of those concern served to open the eyes of the public to the recklessness of its own scheme, and its shares dropped with the result that few sold out enormous profits, the majority of those who hold on were ruined and result of financial disaster. The Bubble had burst, ruining thousands of families. The disaster happened in South Sea Bubble almost wealthy persons in the kingdom had become members of the government to involved in manipulating of the company. Robert Walpole un his time did much to restore national credit. According to (Caleb, W) " he makes arrangement and assign 9 million which

Botticelli's spring and Michelangelo's creation of adam Essay

Botticelli's spring and Michelangelo's creation of adam - Essay Example Botticelli’s Primavera and the Birth of Venus are mythological paintings where storyline is seriously pursued with due respect to its mythological lineage. Goddess Venus is depicted as Virgin Mary in unique style. Michelangelo Buonarotti 1475-1564 was the most gifted painter of the Renaissance times, outshining other artists in fine art, sculptor, and architecture. The Creation of Adam – is central to his Sistine Chapel frescoes . Michelangelo’s faith in the outward beauty is reinforced through the Creation of Adam. This can be seen in his early poetry as well where he links beauty to divinity. The Creation of Adam is a wonder in art in the sense that he has made the touch of the Divine hand central to the picture and symbol of the power of the Creator. Michelangelo was responsible for transforming the history of culture. As Wolfff\lin in Classic Art, Trans. 1952 comments: â€Å"If any one man may be held responsible for major changes in the history of culture, that man was Michelangelo, who brought about the generalized heroic style and caused place and time to be disregarded’(Stokes, 1955: 106). The delineation of Sixteenth century dress and architecture was exaggerated not at the cost of characterization but to provide dignity in presentation, it was enlarged as ‘its flowers grew from the old soil, but they waxed bigger’(Stokes, 1955: 106). It was a period of resurgence of interest in the art and culture of Greece and Rome by European civilizations. It was a reaction to the rigidity of feudalism and Church of the medieval period where individual interests were subservient to society, ruled by feudal lords for material needs and Church for spiritual aspirations. The Renaissance started in the creation of city states like Venice, Florence, and Milan, self-sustaining and creating Franciscan humanism. Such states provided economic means to keep both ends meet to the

International finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International finance - Assignment Example Further, their customers in Thailand have committed themselves to purchase a fixed amount of Blade’s products hence ensuring that the sales volume is fixed and does not therefore fluctuate. Finally, the country has a high potential of stabilizing in future hence promises high returns to the company due to the high growth potential in the whole of Asia. Due to the unpredicted nature of economic performances, the company should take the investment now and not wait until next year. Further, it will more expensive to take the investment by next year in case the Thailand’s economic conditions improve by next year due to the eminent appreciation of baht and the increase in value of the firms to be acquired. In addition, many of the Blade’s competitors shall have also moved to Thailand thus reducing the returns to the company. The company will therefore get more returns if the economic conditions subsided or will face great losses in case the condition worsens. Blades should renew the contract with the Thai retailer so that it can increase its market share and hence sales volume. This is because the retailer purchases a fixed amount of its products regardless of the economic condition. Renewing the product has a potential of increasing the company’s market share while not renewing g it reduces its market share. Contract renewal will increase profit margins for the company because the retailer has already attracted and commands a substantial market The establishment of the subsidiary will be greatly supported by the government because it has a potential of providing employment opportunities in the country thereby increasing the living standards of the employees which in turn increases economic growth of the country as a

The apartheid system in South Africa Essay Example for Free

The apartheid system in South Africa Essay The term apartheid was one of the most politically charged words in the second half of the 20th century, and still remains notorious today. Apartheid translated from Afrikaans means separateness or apartness. However when the National Party came to power in South Africa in 1948, it took on a much more sinister meaning and today is associated with racial and ethnic discrimination. The roots of apartheid stem deep into South African history. It started way back during European settlement, and was enforced and maintained right up until the end of the 20th Century. It will forever leave a mark on South Africa and indeed the world; a dark period in human history from which we have and will continue to learn. Tensions between Europeans and native Africans have existed since the first days of settlement and the earliest signs of what would snowball to become apartheid can be traced to these times. In 1488, the Portuguese first sailed past the Cape of Good Hope, eventually landing there and trading for food with people who called themselves Khoikhoi. It wasnt until the 1600s though, when the Dutch East India Company set up a base in Southern Africa, that the roots for what is today known as South Africa were put down. Initially contacts between the Khoikhoi and the new Europeans were peaceful, but over time the situation grew hostile. Aided by their guns, as well as the diseases they brought with them, the Europeans took more and more land and disrupted the natives lifestyle. By 1795 15000 Europeans and their slaves were scattered throughout the Cape colony. Violence between the natives and the Europeans was inevitable. There had been fights between the groups in small battles, but it wasnt until the late 18th Century that there was a large scale frontier war between them. The natives were driven back, but in 1806 Britain took over the Dutch Cape Colony, bringing British settlers to the area. This wasnt a real problem to the Boers, the earliest European settlers, at first, but conflict soon ensued. In 1833 Britain ended slavery throughout its empire, including the Cape. The Boers strongly disagreed with this and they wanted to keep their independence as they believed they had a God-given right to own African land and slaves. In the late 1830s they migrated north and eastwards far from British Rule to establish their own independent republics, in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. However when diamonds and gold were found later in the 19th Century the British interest in these interior areas was re-activated. The Anglo-Boer War was fought as a result during the years 1899-1902. This war was one of the epic conflicts in the building of an Afrikaner ideology and sense of identity. The hate of the British afterwards greatly contributed to the firm Afrikaner belief that they were chosen by God to rule the land, a belief that would be shown and implemented in the apartheid system. Leading up to the First World War, South Africa remained a deeply divided country. Only 21.5 percent of the population were white, Boers were still resentful over the Anglo-Boer war and the majority black population was divided amongst itself. It was also during this time and after the war that the roots of apartheid began to emerge. Policies, such as the Mine and Works Act of 1911, which forced blacks into the category of cheap labour, and the Natives Land Act of 1913, paved the start of the pathway that would lead to apartheid. Even repression from the police was evident in this time, when in 1920 African mineworkers went on strike and were killed in Port Elizabeth for their efforts. Even before the National Party, that would implement apartheid to its extreme, was elected, apartheid was occurring and existed throughout the country. In summary the policy of apartheid was a product of the late colonial era and came into existence due to events during early settlement, and events later such as the Anglo-Boer, that sparked and ignited a mentality that couldnt be suppressed. In1948 a Nationalist Party government under Dr Daniel Malan was elected, promising a white South Africa and a total system of apartheid between blacks and whites. Apartheid came about in South Africa because of an Afrikaner belief of their god-given right to Africa, which was also a racist one. Apartheid was therefore a means to support and institutionalize their view on how the country should be run. Apartheid was kept in place through various means, mainly the use of legislation and technology. The main way that the government implement  apartheid was through legislation. There were countless laws and bills passed, which over time stripped black Africans of their rights, all the while favoring the white elite of South Africa. Race laws affected every social aspect of life in apartheid South Africa. The early policies that were made when the National Party first came into power set the base for the later policies to take effect and branch off. These policies embodied what the apartheid regime was all about, notably two of the earliest policies made, being the Population Registration Act and the Group Areas Act. Both were made in 1950, with the Population Registration Act requiring al South Africans to be racially classified into either white, black or colored, and the Group Areas Act which geographically separated the racial groups. These laws and policies prevented the black population having the same privileges, standards of living and status as the white South Africans. Under the apartheid system everyday life was greatly affected by such laws. For example, under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act in 1953, people of different races were prohibited from using the same public facilities such as restaurants, transport services, restrooms etc. Under the Population Registration Act different members of the same family found themselves in different race groups. Some of these laws essentially made black Africans foreigners; the correct term was guest laborers who were only allowed to work in South Africa if they held a temporary work permit. The Bantu Education Act of 1953 meant the government took over control of all schools and institutions. The emphasis in black schools was heavily on agriculture and this was another way of controlling black Africans as well as upholding the apartheid system. The annual expenditure on education from the government per pupil was $45 for blacks and $696 for whites. These are just a few examples of laws and policies that were implemented to maintain the apartheid system. Another way the government was able to enforce apartheid was through technology, primarily computers. More than any other single technological advancement; the computer fostered the concentration of administrative power in the hands of Africas white elite.1 Computers were used in almost every government agency, particularly in the police system and the military. The  vast majority of these computers came from America and IBM was the largest computer supplier in South Africa during the time when apartheid was active. The first computer transported from the US to South Africa was an electric tabulator to IBM South Africa, in 1952. Through computers and technology the apartheid regime was able to control every aspect of life, particularly for black Africans. It meant that the government and its organizations could track people their history, their movement, etc and through this shut down protests and silence protesters. The computerized population register is regarded as the instrument that made the biggest contribution to the apartheid system. It was responsible for the passbook system that affected more than 25 million black Africans. Through these devices, information on a persons racial classification, name, sex, date of birth, dates of departure and return to the country, fingerprints and places of work and study could all be recorded onto a database. The passbooks and the computer database meant a person could instantly be identified and checked for a history of government opposition. The population registry wasnt the only computerized resource the government used to control its citizens there were other foreign and imported products used as well. X-Ray machines, passbook fingerprinting equipment and communications logging recorders were also available to the police. Various government departments used computers for financial and other non repressive purposes, when in reality they used them to track opponents of apartheid, and once they found them, police brutality and torture were used and the opponents were often held political prisoners without trial. Also, as the largest part of the government, a majority of the computer equipment purchased by the state inevitably must have found its way into the military, which utilised this equipment against its people. Apartheid was conceived and administered as an ideology for the total organization of the South African society for the exclusive benefit of the white part of the population. This system was implemented and enforced strictly and with brutality for more than forty years. In that time the National Party government achieved a high degree of success in creating  apartheid on a personal, urban and state level. Although this system ultimately failed (in 1991 laws enforcing apartheid were abolished) its mark on South Africa and the world will be present for a very long time and the apartheid era will be a massive legacy to be fully overcome for future generations of South Africans and indeed the world. References: 1 Automating Apartheid U.S. Computer exports to South Africa and the Arms Embargo. Omega Press, Philadelphia, 1982Bibliography:Books:Meisel,J. (1994) South Africa At The Crossroads. Cape Town; The Millbrook PressChristopher,A. (1994) The Atlas of Changing South Africa. London; RoutledgeTames,R. (2000) The End of Apartheid: a New South Africa. Oxford: Heinemann LibraryInternet Sites:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africahttp://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.htmlhttp://www.africanaencyclopedia.com/apartheid/apartheid.html

Role of Interstimulus Delay in Iconic Memory

Role of Interstimulus Delay in Iconic Memory Sensory memory is the initial structure in the Atkinson and Shiffrin’s modal model of memory. This memory structure temporarily stores information from sensory stimulation for processing and transferring to short-term memory. Within fractions of seconds, this memory will degenerate if remain unattended (Shiffrin Atkinson, 1969). There are two kinds of sensory memory which is iconic memory and echoic memory. Iconic memory is crucial as it stabilizes vision despite the presence of saccadic movements which disturbs visual adaptation to stimulus (Ciccarelli White, 2012). Hence, any delay in between the sensory stimulation and the recollection will cause an effect to the iconic memory. The question is; how much are we able to recall from our iconic memory after a period of delay? In 1967, Neisser coined the term iconic memory and assumed that all visual information are initially held there before being transported to longer lasting memory upon cue (Gegenfurtner Sperling, 1993). Iconic memory involves vision persistence where trails of light retained for fragments of second in memory (Goldstein, 2011). Haber (1983) described iconic memory as the availability to perceive the information briefly after terminating visual stimuli. The persistence and decay of the visual information in iconic memory is first presented in Sperling’s partial report (Sperling, 1960). In partial report paradigm, there is a brief delay prior to the selection cue in reporting the stimuli. The brief delay or known as the interstimulus interval (ISI) which is a time period in between two stimuli (Reed, 2013). ISI is the interval between the end of the visual stimulus and the onset of the cue tone before reporting the displayed information in the partial report technique (Chow, 1985). The effect of ISI on iconic memory in partial report can be explained by Sperling’s theory of iconic memory. Sperling stated that observers have the ability to temporarily store a large capacity of visual information, however as the information decayed rapidly due to the delay, the subjects were only able to report an average of 4.5 items (Sperling, 1960). Hence, as the interval prolonged, the effectiveness of iconic memory decreases despite the large capacity in storage. Besides that, another theory that can explain the cue delay in partial report is the Bundesen’s theory of visual attention. This quantitative model assumed that the sum of perceptual processing resources which determines the rate of processing is inadequate for the information displayed. Processing resources are used to filter information as distractor and target using selective attention. After the allocation of the processing resources, the information races for encoding in the limited capacity visua l short-term memory (Petersen and Andersen, 2012). As the encoding process is time consuming, the information decays as the selection cue delay prolongs thus affecting the items recollection. The partial report paradigm was pioneered by Sperling’s (1960) dissertation in Harvard University. Due to the subjects’ immediate-memory capacity in whole report, he devised a technique called partial report which was to only report a particular array of items arrangement according to different cue tones for each rows projected after the stimulus was displayed. Three to four items per row were used due to limited perceptual span. Higher tone was for upper row, medium tone for middle row and lower tone for lower row. In his study, he aimed to investigate on information decay by measuring the accuracy of the report. This study was conducted on 5 trained subjects who were scheduled for 3 sessions weekly for a total of 12 sessions. Before the subjects report the information, he delayed the instructional tone for 0.0s, 0.15s, 0.30s and 1s after the stimulus display. The results indicated steep decline in accuracy of report as the delay was longer. 91% of the subjects were ab le to accurately report the stimulus but as the delay increased to 1s, the accuracy declined to 69%. He concluded most visual information were registered in the sensory memory but decayed rapidly within fractions of a second (Sperling, 1960). Through his research, he was able to show that in testing immediate-memory, not just knowing the limit of the perceptual span actually is but the ability to recall the items seen needed to be measured. With his findings that perceptual span is actually larger than the ability to recall them, his pioneering study pointed to the discovery of sensory storage. Another study conducted by Merikle (1980) in University of Waterloo, Canada supports the findings by Sperling (1960) in terms of cue delay effect in partial report. This experiment aimed to test on partial report superiority as the cue delay increased for both categories (letters or numbers) and spatial cues (top or bottom). The partial report and whole report were tested on 18 subjects where they were shown 90 sets of stimulus displays from both types of stimulus and the cue were delayed for -250ms, 0ms and +250ms and. The results indicated that spatial cues are more effective than category cues. Both types of partial report condition performed better than whole report, but the decline in performance was greater than whole report when cue were more delayed (Merikle, 1980). This study illustrated that the advantage of partial report is compromised as the cue delay increased. Perhaps, the advantage is due to instruction to report according to rows enhances the accuracy as it involves spatial processing of the stimulus compared to whole report. On the contrary, Darwin, Turvey and Crowder (1972) findings did not show any significant change in partial report over time. This study was conducted on 12 Yale University undergraduate. In contrast to previous studies by Sperling (1960) and Merikle (1980), auditory stimulus was presented and the indicating cue was in the form of slide projection. A set of 20 stimuli with combinations of monosyllable letters and numbers were given over headphones and the ISIs was 0s, 1s, 2s and 4s. They were asked to report the item and the location as indicated in the stimuli. The findings showed that there are no significant differences of performance between each interval (Darwin et al., 1972). One might argue that perhaps this is due to the echoic memory and not iconic memory. However, Sperling’s (1960) assumption on sensory storage decay across time in partial report should apply to auditory memory. Thus, the result should indicate significant rapid decrease of accuracy in partial report. The insignificant finding could be due to the complex instruction that also tests on their spatial processing apart from recalling the items. Furthermore, Kuhbandner, Spitzer and Pekrun (2011) investigated on the consequences of emotion-inducing stimuli on the iconic memory decay. 45 with 32 females and 13 male students from University of Munich took part in this study. Emotion-inducing stimuli which were threatening, neutral and positive stimuli consisted of objects and animal pictures. The indicator was shown in a form of arrow after the ISIs of 14ms, 71ms, 229ms, 500ms and 1000ms. 8 trials were conducted for each stimuli conditions and delays. The subjects reported 4 chosen items out of 12 verbally. As expected, the iconic memory degenerated rapidly as the delay time increased however, for threatening stimuli; the results indicated slow decay of information (Kuhbandner et al., 2011). From this study, we can observe that emotion encourages persistence in iconic memory regardless of the delay period. Perhaps, due to the higher number of females in this study affected the results as emotional perception are different acros s genders. This study suggested that emotional processing occurred faster than selective attention in iconic memory processing. As we can see from previous studies discussed, various adaptations of Sperling’s (1960) partial report paradigm ware used. However, most studies on partial report that supported Sperling’s findings were conducted at least thirty years ago. A current study on the interstimulus delay effect using neutral stimulus on iconic memory needs to be conducted in order to observe whether Sperling’s assumption are still applicable to this date. Past researches have conducted partial report experiments using traditional tachistoscopes (Sperling, 1960; Merikle, 1980) however for this present study, CogLab 2.0 computer application were used for better and more comprehensive material in data collection. For this research we aimed to observe the effect interstimulus intervals on the iconic memory. Iconic memory was measured by the percentage of the recalled items. We hypothesized that the increase in interstimulus interval decreases the percentage of recalled items. Methods Study design In testing out the hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with repeated measure design. Data was gathered through convenient sampling. For this study, the independent variable was the interstimulus interval (ISI) whereas the dependent variable was percentage of the recalled items. Participants Participants in this study consist of 28 (10 males and 18 females) undergraduate Sunway University psychology students who are enrolled in Cognition and Perception course with the age range of 18 to 35 years old. As a part of the coursework, students were rewarded with 1% credit for participating. In selection of participants, the inclusion criterion was those who are wearing visual and hearing aids whereas the exclusion criterion was non-psychology students. Measurement In conducting this experiment, we have used Wadsworth CogLab online laboratory 2.0 (Goldstein, 2011) computer program. Specifically, under the sensory memory section, we have selected partial report experiment. Interstimulus interval. The interstimulus interval was between the end of the stimulus matrix display and cue tone onset. Each interval was varied at 20milisecond (ms), 100ms, 300ms, and 1000ms. Percentage of recalled items. The numbers of correct letters reported for each delay trials are recorded and totaled regardless of the order of the letters. The percentages of the scores are then calculated according to each interstimulus interval conditions. Procedure Ahead of the tutorial class, every student was informed to bring their own headphones to reduce distractions during the experiment. All students who were present on the day of the experiment gathered in the computer lab with one computer for each student. This experiment was only conducted in one session with all participants at once with estimated time of completion at about 20 minutes. All participants were assigned to complete every condition of the interstimulus intervals. As the class started under the supervision of a lecturer, the students were allowed to read the instructions and start the experiment at their own pace. They were required to fill in their student ID and put on their headphones before beginning the experiment. As they started, they were exposed to 3 different cue tones to familiarize them with indicator tone on which row to report. Low-pitched tone was for bottom row, medium-pitched sound for middle row and lastly high-pitched tone for the upper row. For a tota l of 60 trials, each trial started as they pressed the space bar and they had to fixate their vision on a small asterisk at the screen center. After one second and a half, 33 matrix of alphabets appeared on the screen for a duration of 150ms. The interstimulus interval started after the matrix flashed and at the offset of the tone. A tone was played as the indicator and the letters of the indicated row were typed. These procedures were repeated for each trial and the students were asked to keep their eyes fixated on the center throughout the experiment. The results were immediately displayed for each participant on their performance and submitted to e-Learn for pooled data collection. Results To test the decrease of percentage of recalled items as the interstimulus interval increases, the results were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA due to the nature of the experiment where all conditions were tested on within the same subjects. Interstimulus interval was classified as categorical variable with four conditions (20ms, 100ms, 300ms, and 1000ms) whereas the dependent variable, the percentage recalled was a continuous variable. The results illustrated significant decrease from the 20ms to 100ms interval on the percentage recalled, Wilk’s Lambda = .011, F (3, 25) = 4.56, p = .011. To observe the informational decay pattern, further test of pairwise comparison demonstrated that there was there was a significant decline between the 100ms interval and 1000ms interval (mean difference= 8.730; p = .02). Furthermore, between 300ms interval and the 1000ms, there was a significant decrease (mean difference = 8.10; p = .009). However, no significant decrease was found from 20ms interval to 100ms interval (mean difference = 1.99; p = 1.00) to 300ms interval (mean difference = 1.35; p = 1.00), and to 1000ms interval (mean difference = 6.75; p = .136). In addition, there was no significant decrease found between the 100ms interval and 300ms interval (mean difference = .635; p = 1.00) but. Generally, since there are greater decrease from 100ms and 300ms interval to 1000ms interval, there were overall decrease across the increasing interstimulus intervals. The mean scores for each interstimulus interval are shown in table 1. Table 1 Mean and standard deviation of percentage of recalled items after interstimulus delay Discussion This research was carried out to examine the effect of interstimulus delay on the effectiveness of iconic memory. Our hypothesis was testing on whether longer interstimulus delay causes lower performance in the percentage of the test items recalled. The statistical analysis on our data showed that there was indeed a significant decrease in percentage of recalled items across the increasing length of interstimulus interval thus supporting our hypothesis. Our result was found to be consistent with the findings from previous studies (Sperling, 1960; Merikle, 1980) which showed that the information decayed as the time delay increased. On the contrary, our outcome did not support the findings from the studies conducted by Darwin et al. (1972) which indicated no significant difference between the interstimulus intervals and study by Kuhbandner et al. (2011) which indicated persistence of iconic memory despite 1000s of delay. A possible reasoning for this finding is the iconic memory decayed over time due to the use of neutral stimulus items where 12 random letters were briefly displayed. These random letters were non-relatable to one another to make sense of the information. According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1969) modal model of memory, the sensory memory acted as the pathway to the short-term memory and the information decayed rapidly if remained unrehearsed before further processing of the information. Thus, as the stimulus displayed provided no significance for participants to further process in short-term store and stimulates the information decay. This justification can be supported by the finding by Kuhbandner et al., (2011) as the usage of the emotion-inducing stimulus, particularly threatening stimulus caused longer visual persistence due to the human survival instinct. Hence, the type of visual stimulus used explains why iconic memory is short-lived. Besides that, another possible rationalization on decreasing percentage of recalled items over time was due to blinking. The blinking action momentarily disrupts our vision as we are receiving the visual stimuli. Thomas and Irwin (2006) claimed that blinking restrained cognitive processing from their findings in conducting partial report experiment. Their findings showed that more errors were found under blinking condition. As blinking hinders cognitive processing, it is aligned to the Bundesen’s theory of visual attention where limited processing resources is available hence it requires more time to process more information (Petersen and Andersen, 2012). Blinking puts further setback in the information processing thus leading to the decay of unattended information. Strengths and Limitations As we conducted this experiment in one session where all participants were tested in one sitting, all participants experienced similar external conditions including lighting and temperature that may affect the attention. The similar extraneous conditions contributed to the strength of this study. Besides that, a relatively large number of samples for experimental design research also helped to strengthen this study. For limitations, the convenience sampling method of only conducting the research on a class of psychology students is not representative of the population in Sunway University. Thus, it is difficult to generalize our findings as psychology students are more familiar with the CogLab experiments and the theoretical assumption of partial report. Furthermore, this test was conducted early in the morning as soon as the class begins. The students were not in full-alert state during that hour as they rushed to get to class hence may affect their cognitive processing. Future studies and implications To improve the present study, one of the ways that future researcher can apply is to conduct the experiment on subject from different courses in this university. To remove any biasness in sampling, psychology students should be an excluded as they have basic knowledge on cognitive processing. Besides that, another way to improve this study is by using other types of visual stimulus such as combination of letters and numbers per row to see whether it has an effect on their iconic memory. The current finding suggests that there should be very short intervals in between visual aid presentation especially in videos and movies for visual persistence. Besides that, the finding implies that rehearsals from longer duration of visual display help in retaining the iconic memory. Conclusion In conclusion, this study focuses on iconic memory where we assumed that the percentage of recalled items decreases as there is increase in interstimulus interval. The statistical data analysis indicated that there is a significant decrease in percentage of recalled items as the interval period prolonged. The iconic memory theory (Sperling, 1960) and theory of visual attention (Petersen Andersen, 2012) explained on how the delay affects the iconic memory performance. Iconic memory performance decreases over time due to the decay of information. The finding from this study has implication on filming industries to edit their video materials to reduce the iconic memory effect as cut-scene changes.

The relationship between leadership and followership

The relationship between leadership and followership Leadership is a person or group of people who have taken on the position of assisting others through motivation, good decision making, and a strong commitment to promoting change. Leaders are considered as one of the key success of management of organizations and companies. While establishing goals, an effective leader addresses clear direction, delegates their team against achievement, and leads by exemplar. Leadership and motivation styles vary from individual to individual, it is essential for managers to know and understand leadership, and particular how leadership affects countries and the workplace. However, followers are just as important, without followers there would be no leaders. Leadership has changed a great deal over time. The historical views of leadership differ dramatically from the views of modern times. In the past, leaders were seen as powerful and authoritative. Historical leaders were usually dictators, kings, prophets, or priests. They were not any average person and no one could learn to be a leader, it was an innate characteristic. Almost all historical leaders were male as well. They were rulers and used force and manipulation to get their point across and to get individuals to follow them. Historically leadership began with the trait approach. This approach is what brought about the theory that leaders were born and never made. Another name for this approach is the great man theory. Much of the research about the trait approach was conducted in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s. This theory did not look at the impact that situations may have on leadership, only traits. There were no empirical findings from the trait approach so the research ultimately ended in the 1950s (Barnett, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Modern leaders are very different from historical leaders. Over the years, a great deal of research and scientific studies were conducted. Through that research, individuals views of leadership have changed and evolved. While there is still debate, the universal view is not that leadership is inherited. People have come to think that leadership is taught and some people even believe that all individuals possess the potential to be a leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚   After the trait, theory proved an ineffective way to determine who would be an effective leader researchers began to look at the behaviors of a leader rather than the traits. Most of that research was done in the 1940s and 50s. The behavioral theory began to look at what leaders actually do instead of just looking at their inborn traits and characteristics. The behaviors of effective leaders are different from the behaviors of ineffective leaders. Two major classes of leadership behavior are relationship-oriented behavior and task-oriented behavior. This theory put into motion the thought that leaders are created and a person can learn to be a leader. This theory also put leadership development into action.     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the 1960s and 70s another leadership theory was introduced, the contingency theory. This theory put forth the idea that factors unique to each situation determine whether specific leader characteristics and behaviors will be effective. In essence, this theory states that a leadership style that works well in one place may not be effective in another. How a leader performs is contingent on their situation and placement rather than just their style.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the 1970s and 80s even more research was being conducted and through that emerged both the theories of leader-member exchange and charismatic leadership. The leader-member exchange theory states that leaders form high-quality relationships with some of their employees but not others. The quality of those relationships can lead to many different outcomes in the workplace because people are being treated differently. Charismatic leadership theory proposes that effective leaders inspire their employees to commit themselves to goals by communicating a vision, displaying charismatic behavior, and setting a powerful personal example.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In light of the research that formed the modern views of leadership, followership came into the forefront. My first thought when I think of being a follower is negative. I think that most people automatically think negative when they hear of the word follower. In the beginning, I pictured an individual who had no sense of self-worth who goes along with what anyone says; however, is not the case. There is a clear relationship, which takes place between leaders and followers, and the dynamic, which forms the relationship, is essential to the function of both parties. Without followers, leaders would not exist. Leaders need their followers and they need the respect of their followers as well. A leader could have many followers or subordinates in the workplace but if the leader is not respected or accepted that means nothing. According to Gardner (1987) a leader can be given subordinates, but they cannot be given a following. A following must be earned. Leaders and followers must be able to collaborate and work together. It is important for leaders to assist their followers in independent thinking and judgments so that they are able to contribute to the workplace effectively. A leader sees possibilities in individuals and figures out what it takes to motivate them. Aside from the relationship that is essential between leaders and followers there are also people who are considered good followers. According to Kelley (1988), many roles are attributed to an effective follower. Followers are able to think critically and think both inside and outside the box. They are able to manage themselves when they are called upon to do so and they show incredible commitment to the job. Many organizations are cultivating effective followers by instituting training programs and leaderless environments. Overall, a follower is not just a mindless drone who does whatever they are told to do. Effective followers are not only necessary, but also essential, to the functioning of any organization. There is a clear relationship between leadership and followership and the differences between the two are relatively clear. The differences between leaders and managers are not quite as clear. Ideally, a manager can also be a leader as well. Managers are thought to be authoritative and transactional while leaders are charismatic and transformational. Some qualities that are attributed to managers that they are reactive, use routine, are tactical, and are controlling. Qualities that are attributed to leaders are that they use strategy, have a vision, are passionate, and are proactive. Managers seek stability while leaders seek change. While some attributes between the two are interchangeable, the main differences are the ways in which they handle situations. According to Pascale (1990), Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. As mentioned, managers are thought to be transactional. Transactional and transformational leadership are two more types of leadership styles. Transactional leaders use a system of reward and punishment. The chain of command is clear and employees are expected to do what they are told. There is also a clear structure in place as well as a system for disciplinary action. Transactional leadership is based on contingency where rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance of the employee or subordinate. Subordinates are usually responsible for their own work and they are held personally responsible for anything that may go wrong even if they did not have the proper resources to carry out the task. Transformational leadership is almost the opposite of transactional. A transformational leader creates trust within their organization and with their employees. They give a sense of energy and enthusiasm to the workplace. This type of leader is caring and not only cares about the bottom line but also about the individual and their success. They have a vision and take the time for others to see that vision as well. While maintaining focus on their primary objectives, leaders must be agreeing enough to listen to other peoples opinions, and ideas. The debate over whether leadership is inherited or learned has been going on for a long time; many people have taken a stand on this topic, and are firm in their beliefs. One view is that we are born with the characteristics to be a leader. People are not made into leaders or taught to be leaders, they just are leaders. They were born with the skills and abilities to lead. The other view is that leadership can be learned. This view believes th at with the proper tools, education, and discipline anyone can learn to be a leader. According to Resnick (2003), leaders must be able to create a vision, build alignment, and effect deployment. He claims that not all individuals are able to achieve all of those things and become leaders. He further states that there are two main reasons why an individual may not possess the qualities of a leader. The first reason comes from our DNA. We are all born with capabilities and inherent characteristics and at some point in our life; some of our skills may develop to the limit of our potential. Some people may be more intuitive then others or some individuals may be extreme extroverts. Those characteristics influence a person to become what type of leader they will be. The second reason is seen as embedded into our character. Our sense of right and wrong, of fairness and justice, and of honesty and integrity is deeply rooted and unlikely to change. Those elements are likely to come from our families, culture, religion, and schooling. There is a chance that an extreme experie nce in life could affect those elements, but overall they usually stay the same. Some individuals, however, believe that anyone can be molded into a leader. Mohr (2000) believes that some of the greatest leaders were created and molded into leaders that they eventually became. Effective and strong leaders consist of government, military, and corporate CEOs, which must be strong enough to get the job complete. Some of those leaders were Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, Martin Luther King, Ronald Reagan, and Sam Walton of Wal-Mart. They are considered educated leaders and became great leaders through hard work, vision, and a laid out plan to succeed. With the proper training, anyone in the business world can become a great leader. Leadership balances strong, forcefulness with accommodation to achieve successful outcomes.   Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many issues surrounding leadership, especially in recent times. I believe that America has become bitter about leadership. Much like the dictators and authoritarians of the past, we have come to fear and not trust our leaders. Many people feel let down by our recent leaders. While we hold on to the hope that things will soon get better, the fact that we are in a very bad situation due to poor leadership is very apparent and still in the forefront.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that the crisis in leadership stems from many areas. The most apparent is the businesspersons who build peoples trust in them only to rob them blind. One of the most recent cases of that is the 50 billion dollar fraud case of Bernard Madoff. Many people, mostly wealthy, put their trust in him and he ripped them off. Another case of that was the entire Enron scandal where so many people lost everything. Those individuals were viewed as powerhouse leaders. People wanted to trust them since they were at the top and promised great things. So many people were let down. The individuals did not have to be personally affected by those incidences, the fact that they happened and are still happening makes people wary of trusting anyone in an authority position, especially in business.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  America is in a crisis due to poor leadership. People are losing their homes, retirement accounts are dwindling, the unemployment rate keeps getting higher, and people are living paycheck to paycheck. Those are just a few of examples of the extreme crisis we are in. Our leaders have taken a part in creating that crisis and have done nothing to remedy it. We talk about a crisis in leadership however; I see it as a crisis in lacking an effective leadership. It may sound the same but I think the two are different. Ineffective leaders did not create the entire crisis in America but they have done little to help it either. I think there is a crisis in leadership but I think our leaders are in crisis as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe there will always be a crisis in leadership, even if the government was liked and the economy was not in a recession, I think the answer would still be yes. We live in an imperfect world and there are no perfect people. There will always be someone, somewhere who has been let down by a leader, whether it be a global leader or their own leader at their place of employment. Leadership will never be perfect because we, as human beings, will never be perfect. For that reason, alone I believe there will always be some sort of crisis in leadership. I believe that leadership can be both inherited and learned. I think that many people are born to be leaders. Their personalities are mapped out in a way that they just happen to possess all of the qualities of a great leader. I do not believe, however, that all people who are born to be leaders actually realize that potential. Their environment or upbringing, just to name a few, could stifle that potential and they may become followers after all. On the other hand, I think that people can learn to be leaders, but I do not think this applies to everyone. It is not universal. I do not agree with the notion that every person can be taught to be a leader. I feel as though some people just do not fit into the leadership personality type or they are so comfortable not taking the role of leader that they cannot learn any other way.

The Brontë Sisters and Their Work Essay -- Biography Biographies Essay

The Brontà « Sisters and Their Work      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the three famous Brontà « sisters grew up, they wrote stories even as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   young girls. They developed their characters and plotlines over the years,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and these three works would later become either their best or only works;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte with Jane Eyre, Emily with Wuthering Heights, and Anne with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Agnes Grey. Focusing on the key works of Charlotte and Anne, readers get a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   glimpse into the writers' opinions of being a governess and perhaps life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in general.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of the three sisters, Emily produced the least amount but was also the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   first to pass away. All three did see some of their poetry published   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   before taking to their final resting place, but Emily published only one   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   novel. Anne only published two, but the second novel The Tenant of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wildfell Hall was a much larger work than her first. Charlotte saw three   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of her novels published, Shirley, Villette, and Jane Eyre, and the fourth,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Professor, was released after her death. Charlotte was obviously the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   more productive one, but she lived to be 39, while Anne died at 29 and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emily at 30.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte and Anne spent a great deal of their adult lives as governesses,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   while Emily tried the profession once for six months. Looking exclusively   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at Agnes Grey and Jane Eyre then, one can see that the writers used much   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of their own lives and experiences in their works. The protagonists of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   both books become governesses at a young age (Charlotte and Anne took   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   their first positions both at 19), and if Jane a... ...ot have any feelings for him. Her   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and Rochester's personalities fit together, and Weston is nothing like   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rochester. Miss Murray would still marry Lord Ashby, so Jane would   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   probably look for another position.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, Charlotte may have toned down her experience for the sake   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of the complexity of the novel, considering she never in real life fell in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   love with her master and then went on to marry him only to find out he was   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   married to the wild beast in the attic. Anne's portrayal would be the more   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   realistic of the two, considering Agnes' story is not beyond the realms of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reality. Through these two works, however, one can get a sense of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brontà «s' experience as governesses and their opinions of the profession.